International Journal of Multidisciplinary Department
Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April) 2026
CORPORATE ATTRIBUTES AND DISCLOSURE LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF CONSUMER GOODS FIRMS IN NIGERIA
Dr Sunday Asukwo Okpo
(correspondence)*
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus
Published: 31 March 2026
Page 1-19
A company’s inclination to publish environmental data within its yearly financial statements relies heavily on various elements, notably its foundational corporate characteristics. This dependency is especially pronounced given the voluntary nature of such reporting. Consequently, this research explores how specific organizational features impact the volume and quality of ecological disclosures among Nigerian consumer goods companies. The independent variable, corporate structure, was represented by company size, financial leverage, profitability margins, and the diverse backgrounds of board members. Meanwhile, the dependent variable—the extent of environmental reporting—was quantified using a customized disclosure index formulated for this study. Covering a twelve-year span from 2013 to 2024, the research targeted a population of seventeen consumer goods enterprises operating in Nigeria, from which a purposive sample of eight was drawn. An ex post facto research design was utilized, extracting necessary data from the published annual accounts of the chosen entities. The resulting dataset underwent evaluation through descriptive statistics and panel multiple regression modeling via the E-views 10 statistical software. Outcomes indicate that a firm’s scale and its profitability metrics possess a statistically significant impact on how much environmental information is shared. Conversely, the analysis demonstrated that neither debt leverage nor the personal backgrounds of the directorial board meaningfully affect these disclosure patterns. The study ultimately deduces that overarching corporate architecture plays a pivotal role in dictating the ecological transparency of consumer goods businesses in Nigeria. Key recommendations suggest that more massive corporations purposefully allocate a designated fraction of their revenue toward environmental sustainability, codifying and publishing this as an official corporate mandate.
Keywords: Organizational architecture, ecological transparency metrics, sustainability reporting index.
Driving Information Security Excellence in the AI Era: Examining the Dual Influences of Management Commitment and Employee Involvement
1*Jun-Jia Lee, 2Hsiao-Chi Ling
(correspondence)* Jun-Jia Lee
1School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
2Department of Business and Entrepreneurship Management, Kainan University,R.O.C
Published: 31 March 2026
Page 1-15
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) reshapes the cyber threat landscape with sophisticated automated attacks such as generative AI phishing and deepfake deception, organizations are compelled to shift from reactive defense to systematic proactive information security governance. This study explores the dual differentiated impacts of top-down management commitment and bottom-up employee involvement on enterprise information security management outcomes. Adopting a quantitative approach, we use structural equation modeling (SEM) to empirically test the theoretical model with valid survey data from 423 employees in technology-intensive and information-sensitive sectors—where AI-driven security risks are most prominent. The findings delineate distinct functional paths for the two factors: management commitment serves as a foundational structural driver, effectively facilitating the implementation of formal proactive security management and safe reporting climate mechanisms; employee involvement acts as a pivotal catalyst for dynamic security resilience, being the primary driver of proactive security management (including threat hunting and preemptive anomaly detection) and the cultivation of a psychologically safe reporting climate. Further, the study verifies that reporting climates play a critical serial mediating role in the transmission from organizational antecedents to individual security cognition, acting as key bridges to enhance employees’ AI security awareness. Collectively, these results confirm that technical defensive measures alone cannot address the complex and evolving AI-driven cyber risks; human-centric organizational factors rooted in genuine management commitment and meaningful employee participation are indispensable core elements for organizations to build a resilient digital defense system and mitigate such risks effectively.
Keywords: Information Security Management (ISM), AI-Driven Risk, Management Commitment, Employee Involvement, AMOS, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
EVALUATING TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AT AN URBAN ROUNDABOUT IN A DEVELOPING CITY: EVIDENCE FROM GAA AKANBI, NIGERIA
1*Sulaiman Olayinka Subair, 2Biliyamin Adeoye Ibitoye, 3Abdulrauf Toyin Kuranga
(correspondence)* Sulaiman Olayinka Subair
1,2,3Departmental of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.
Published: 29 March 2026
Page 1-12
Efficient operation of urban roundabouts is critical for managing traffic flow, particularly in rapidly growing cities characterized by heterogeneous traffic conditions. This study evaluates the operational performance of Gaa Akanbi Roundabout using established traffic engineering metrics, including average control delay, queue length, and Level of Service (LOS), in accordance with Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) standards. Field data were obtained through direct geometric measurements and video-based traffic surveys conducted during peak periods over seven consecutive days. Traffic volumes and turning movements were manually extracted from recorded footage, while performance indicators such as delay and queue length were computed using standard analytical procedures.
The results indicate that the roundabout operates at an overall average delay of 34.5 seconds per vehicle, corresponding to LOS C, which reflects stable but moderately delayed traffic conditions. However, significant disparities were observed across individual approaches. The western approach exhibited the poorest performance, with a delay of 46.2 seconds per vehicle (LOS E), indicating oversaturation largely due to limited entry capacity and inadequate geometric design. The southern and northern approaches recorded delays of 38.5 seconds and 30.2 seconds per vehicle, respectively, both operating at LOS D, suggesting moderate congestion with relatively stable flow conditions. In contrast, the eastern approach demonstrated comparatively efficient operation, with a delay of 23.1 seconds per vehicle (LOS C), characterized by lower conflict levels and shorter queues.
Keywords: Traffic flow; Level of Service; Nigeria; delay; volume; congestion.
Real-Time Invasion Monitoring using Integrated Motion Detection and Alert System
Sarafadeen A. Abdulwahab*1, Akintomiwa J. Adedoyin2,Usman B. Ibrahim3, Kehinde M. Adeleke4
(correspondence)* Sarafadeen A. Abdulwahab
1,2,3Department of Electrical / Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ayede, Nigeria
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
Published: 29 March 2026
Page 1-14
The research addresses the security issues which have been on the rise in residential, commercial, and governmental settings, hence leads to designing a multipurpose intelligent security system, which would entail sophisticated sensing, communication and control systems and technologies. It builds a versatile security system based on the use of pyroelectric infrared motion detector sensors, ESP camera module to display online digital images of trespassed areas, an alarm buzzer, the GSM module which is used to communicate with GSM telephones, and the Arduino Uno open-source micro-controller which will control the security system. The system seeks to provide solutions to the drawbacks of the common security systems like CCTV or alarm systems i.e. real time monitoring and control of actions like intruders. The security and display system is multipurpose which offers a comprehensive solution to the security of people and property, and the system is simple and convenient to use and make the required modifications as per the attacks and requirements. The study is accommodative to all the elements of designing, constructing and deploying the system, testing and analyzing the performance of the designed system. The system comprises PIR sensors of the movement, GSM modem to communicate with GSM phones, ESP camera to store and take pictures and Arduino Uno microcontroller. The system collects information about PIR sensors and operates with it to relay an image of the burglar to the cell phone of the house owner. The system is designed in such a way that there are units, which include controller, interfacing, GSM module and sensors. Hardware system testing is a key factor in system design, to establish performance, functionality and compatibility with software applications. It was physically tested on PCB boards and tested with a continuity meter and sensory circuitry. It was designed in a mobile fashion and very precise in identifying intruders and notifying the user through emails and alarm notifications. The device is not only important in residential, business areas and government facilities since house burglary cases are increasing in the cities.
Keywords: PIR sensors, CCTV, GSM module, Remote sensing, Motion detection, Security alert
THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS: A SOCIAL STUDY PERSPECTIVE
DR. AKHOGBAI EMMANUEL MONDAY Ph.D
(correspondence)*
Arokho Secondary School, Arokho, Owan East LGA, Edo State – Nigeria.
Published: 25 March 2026
Page 1-51
Civil society has emerged as a critical pillar in the consolidation and sustainability of democratic governance across the world. In contemporary political discourse, the vitality of democratic institutions is increasingly linked to the strength and vibrancy of civil society organizations that function as intermediaries between citizens and the state. This study examines the role of civil society in strengthening democratic institutions from a social studies perspective, emphasizing its contributions to participatory governance, accountability, human rights protection, and civic engagement. The article adopts a qualitative and analytical approach based on an extensive review of scholarly literature on civil society, democratic governance, and institutional development. Drawing insights from classical democratic theory and contemporary governance frameworks, the study explores the conceptual foundations of civil society, its historical evolution, and the mechanisms through which it influences democratic processes. The analysis reveals that civil society organizations serve as vital agents of democratic consolidation by promoting political participation, monitoring government activities, advocating policy reforms, and facilitating public discourse. Through civic education initiatives, election monitoring, public advocacy, and grassroots mobilization, civil society enhances transparency and accountability within democratic institutions. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of civil society in fostering political socialization and strengthening democratic culture through sustained civic engagement. However, despite these contributions, civil society organizations in many developing democracies face significant challenges including political repression, limited financial resources, weak institutional capacity, donor dependency, and restrictive legal frameworks. The study argues that strengthening civil society is essential for sustaining democratic institutions and promoting good governance. It therefore recommends the development of supportive legal frameworks, increased collaboration between state institutions and civil society organizations, enhanced civic education, and improved internal accountability within civil society structures. By situating civil society within the broader framework of social studies education and democratic citizenship, the study underscores the importance of active civic participation in building resilient democratic systems. Ultimately, a vibrant and autonomous civil society remains indispensable for deepening democracy and ensuring that democratic institutions effectively respond to the aspirations and needs of the citizenry.
Keywords: Civil Society, Democratic Institutions, Civic Participation, Democratic Governance, Social Studies Education
COMPASSIONATE PROMOTION OF WELLNESS FOOD PRACTICES
Dahanayake KS (correspondence)*
Department of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka (UOS), Sri Lanka.
Published: 24 March 2026
Page 1-18
Background: Since the Buddhist principle of Metta/compassion is hardly being considered in conventional food security strategies, following research and development project has been implemented with the objective of fulfilling the wellness food Practices (WFP) through A Metta-based Timely Approach (MTA).
Methods: As per the MTA, the trainers were trained to acquire relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSA) in both secular and spiritual perspectives based on the Teachings of Indigenous Medical Practice (IMP). It was followed by Transfer of such KSA regarding WFP to beneficiaries. Eleven variables have been used to evaluate the outcome quantitatively during the time period from 2013 (at the commencement) to March 2025.
Results: Results pertaining to following variables were obtained comparatively. Qualified Trainers (QT) and Compassionate Awareness Programs (CAP) conducted by them had reported 10 and 2.7 times increase respectively. The number of Indigenous Healthy Food Crops (IHFC) being utilized, Extent of Compassionate Paddy Farming (CPF), number of Paddy Farmers (PF) who engaged in Compassionate Food Production Practices (CFPP), amount of Paddy Yield (PY) so obtained and amount of Paddy Sold (PS) were multiplied by 05, 100, 04, 25 and 32 times in their sequence. Number of IHFC dependent Commodities (IC), Healthy Food Serving Events (HSE), Healthy Food-based Manufacturers and Sellers (HFMS) and Number of Positive Healthy Outcomes (PHO) had risen in their order by 13, 10 and 25 factors of multiplication.
Conclusion: Increasing trend of being more compassionate and being adhered to WFP as supported by positive agronomic, economic and health outcomes were seen and that preliminary evidence has shown to be successful at promoting WFP through MTA.
Recommendations: Further confirmation of MTA is suggested in wellness food security initiatives.
Key words: compassion, food, crops, farming, wellness, indigenous, manufacturers, sellers
LEGAL EDUCATION AND TEACHERS’INTEGRATED COMPETENCIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1*D. Shinetulga & 2B. Natsagdorj (correspondence)*
1&2School of Law, Ikh Zasag University,Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Published: 23 March 2026
Page 1-10
At a time when higher education planning is required to focus not on inputs but on outputs—
namely, on objectives aimed at equipping learners with the knowledge and skills which are
necessary to solve real-world problems—this study seeks to identify the integrated competencies
for sustainable development of teachers and researchers providing legal higher education, to
analyze their level of satisfaction, to identify pressing issues, and to share experiences with other
scholars and researchers. A research study has been conducted among lecturers at our university,
and selected results are presented here.
In order to achieve the research objectives, the study examines and synthesizes the concepts,
frameworks, and approaches related to sustainable development, and focuses on analyzing the
general level of satisfaction with integrated competencies and how this varies according to
teachers‘ academic ranks. The study had been involved 28 lecturers teaching at the School of
Law of IKH ZASAG University during the 2024–2025 academic year.
UNESCO‘s ―Education for Sustainable Development: Learning Objectives‖ includes ―Integrated
problem-solving competency‖ and identifies a total of eight integrated competencies as key
competencies for sustainable education. These have been incorporated into the tiered structure of
sustainability competencies proposed by Wiek and others. In this study, these eight integrated
competencies were adopted as the theoretical and methodological foundation of the research.
Some findings indicate that normative and collaboration competencies has been rated as ―good‖
at the highest level by participants, whereas strategic, anticipatory, and integrated problemsolving competencies has been rated the lowest.
Keywords: higher education, sustainable development, integrated competencies, reliability,
analysis
IMMIGRATION NATIONALISM, POLICY ESCALATION, AND
DEMOGRAPHIC SPILLOVERS: NIGERIA’S EXPERIENCE UNDER
UNITED STATES (U.S) RESTRICTIVE IMMIGRATION
GOVERNANCE (2017–2025)
1*Haruna Sheidu Abdulkarim, 2Dangana-Onuche, Gloria Ojonoka, & 3
Isyaku Idris (correspondence)*
1 & 2Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University,
Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.
3Department of Sociology, College of Social and Management Sciences, Alqalam
University, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Published: 12 March 2026
Page 1-12
U.S immigration policy shifts have increasingly been framed as domestic political and security decisions, yet their effects extend beyond U.S. borders through “demographic spillovers” that shape population dynamics in migrant-sending societies. This article examines Nigeria’s experience under U.S. restrictive immigration governance between 2017 and 2025, focusing on migration-pattern disruptions, remittance-linked welfare vulnerabilities, and return and involuntary non-migration pressures. Drawing on a secondary-data-based descriptive-analytical design, the paper synthesizes evidence from international demographic and migration datasets and authoritative institutional reports, including United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), the World Bank, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Homeland Security Statistics, and major policy analyses. The article situates policy change within migration systems and demographic transition perspectives to explain how sustained restrictionism intensified by early 2025 policy actions and subsequent 2025 entry-restriction measures alters the predictability and accessibility of legal migration pathways, with downstream implications for household welfare and reintegration burdens in Nigeria. The findings suggest that persistent restrictionism corresponds with declining access to U.S. legal mobility channels, heightened migration uncertainty, increased non-migration/stalled mobility, and stronger reintegration pressure for returnees. While the paper does not claim causal inference, the patterns align with established evidence that restrictive destination-country regimes generate cumulative effects for sending-country demographic and welfare outcomes. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for migration-sensitive population planning, remittance-risk resilience, and reintegration support frameworks in Nigeria.
Keywords: United States; immigration restriction; Nigeria; demography; remittances; return migration; involuntary non-migration. Likelihood,
Estimates
EXPONENTIATED GAMMA DISTRIBUTION ON PATIENTS WINDOW
PERIOD IN CLINICAL TRIALS
Eric Boahen (correspondence)*
Department of Statistics School of Sciences, Mathematics and Technology Education
University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana.
Published: 12 March 2026
Page 1-12
At a time when higher education planning is required to focus not on inputs but on outputs—
namely, on objectives aimed at equipping learners with the knowledge and skills which are
necessary to solve real-world problems—this study seeks to identify the integrated competencies
for sustainable development of teachers and researchers providing legal higher education, to
analyze their level of satisfaction, to identify pressing issues, and to share experiences with other
scholars and researchers. A research study has been conducted among lecturers at our university,
and selected results are presented here.
In order to achieve the research objectives, the study examines and synthesizes the concepts,
frameworks, and approaches related to sustainable development, and focuses on analyzing the
general level of satisfaction with integrated competencies and how this varies according to
teachers‘ academic ranks. The study had been involved 28 lecturers teaching at the School of
Law of IKH ZASAG University during the 2024–2025 academic year.
UNESCO‘s ―Education for Sustainable Development: Learning Objectives‖ includes ―Integrated
problem-solving competency‖ and identifies a total of eight integrated competencies as key
competencies for sustainable education. These have been incorporated into the tiered structure of
sustainability competencies proposed by Wiek and others. In this study, these eight integrated
competencies were adopted as the theoretical and methodological foundation of the research.
Some findings indicate that normative and collaboration competencies has been rated as ―good‖
at the highest level by participants, whereas strategic, anticipatory, and integrated problemsolving competencies has been rated the lowest.
Keywords: higher education, sustainable development, integrated competencies, reliability,
analysis
THE MYTHOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF MOUNTAIN CULTURES IN THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF AZERBAIJAN: TALES, TRADITIONS, AND LEGENDS
Assoc. Prof. Ulduz Murshudova Beshir (correspondence)*
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Sheki Regional Scientific Centre Researcher, ―Literary Relations and Folklore‖ Department
Published: Mar 04, 2026
Page 1-13
One of the oldest and most enduring facets of the national spiritual culture in Azerbaijan is the
Mountain Cult. Mountains are seen as living things, bridges between Earth and Heaven, and
guardians of the ancestry in this intricate mythological system, which goes beyond simple
respect for geography. The Upper World: The peaks, frequently covered in clouds, are the
homes of gods or holy spirits. In Azerbaijani mythology, as in other Turk and Caucasian
cultures, the mountain serves as the vertical connection between the three realms. The slopes
of the Middle World are home to both people and animals. The Lower World: The caverns and
mountain base, frequently connected to the underworld or ancestors. This research synthesizes
some seminal legends from the Sheki region—”White Silence,” “Seven Brothers,” and “The
Mountain Man”, ―White rock‖—to identify a unified system of indigenous governance. Using
Collaborative Ethnography and Functionalist Analysis, the study reveals how these narratives
regulate internal social conduct, mobilize external defense, and enforce environmental
stewardship. The findings suggest that the personification of the mountain serves as a
powerful psychological mechanism for maintaining communal resilience. This study
advocates for the “Applied” use of these legends in modern conservation and social mediation
efforts within the Caucasus.
Keywords: Collaborative Ethnography, Performance Theory, Sheki Oral Tradition,
Environmental Functionalism, Transgenerational Conflict, Caucasian Folk-Law
Assembly Simulators in Cooperative Learning in an Educational Institution in Pasco
Abanto Cordova Salvador (correspondence)*
Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión. Pasco, Peru
Published: Mar 04, 2026
Page 1-8
This research study aimed to determine whether there is a connection between the use of assembly simulators and cooperative learning in the Work Education area. The study was conducted with students from the emblemática Daniel Alcides Carrión Educational Institution, located in Cerro de Pasco, during the year 2019. The study was basic in nature, with a descriptive level and a quantitative correlational approach. A total of 188 students participated, and a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary information. The findings showed that 79.3% of the students achieved a high level in the use of assembly simulators. Regarding cooperative learning, 77.1% also reached a high level. After statistical analysis, a significant relationship was found between both variables, with a Spearman’s Rho coefficient of 0.973 and a significance level of 0.002.
Keywords: assembly simulators; strategies; collaborative learning.
Entrepreneurial Development Setbacks and SME Wealth Creation in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Oto Eyamba Eshiett PhD (correspondence)*
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, ICT University, Messassi, Yaunde,Cameroun.
Published: Mar 08, 2026
Page 1-14
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) constitute a critical driver of employment and economic output in Nigeria, yet survival rates remain comparatively low. This study examines how three structural constraints funding limitations, infrastructural deficits, and environmental instability affect SME wealth creation in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Drawing on Weber’s sociological entrepreneurship framework, the study conceptualizes entrepreneurial outcomes as embedded within broader institutional and economic conditions. A cross-sectional survey of 384 registered SMEs was conducted using stratified random sampling across three provincial zones. Data were analyzed using Pearson product–moment correlation. Results reveal strong negative associations between funding constraints (r = −.866), infrastructural deficits (r = −.797), environmental uncertainty (r = −.862), and wealth creation outcomes (p < .001). The findings suggest that structural barriers explain substantial variation in SME wealth performance, supporting sociological interpretations of entrepreneurship that emphasize contextual determinants over individual capability alone. The study concludes that systemic reforms in financial access, infrastructure reliability, and macroeconomic stability are prerequisites for sustainable SME development. Policy interventions should adopt integrated approaches addressing interconnected structural barriers rather than isolated entrepreneurial training initiatives.
Keywords: SME development, funding constraints, infrastructure deficits, environmental uncertainty, wealth creation
DUE PROCESS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AKWA IBOM STATE. ISSUE AND PROSPECTS
Ebong Itoro Bassey PhD (correspondence)*
Department of Public Administration, University of Uyo, Uyo Akwa Ibom State
Published: Mar 12, 2026
Page 1-20
Public procurement is one of the governance and socio-economic development levers a country uses for its development whether developed or developing. Like other federating entities, Akwa Ibom State has undergone tough procurement peculiarities even after the enactment of the Public Procurement Act in 2007 and other agencies or regulatory frameworks. Some of the challenges were non-implementation or bad application of procurement laws, corruption, poor planning and budgeting, limited competition, and undue lessening of importance to the capacity of procurement officers. There were inefficiencies that led to delayed execution of projects, escalation of prices for goods, works or services, and sub-standard delivery of services in realizing the development targets of the state. This research studied the hurdles of due process in public procurement within Akwa Ibom State and its effect on the aforesaid State’s socio-economic development. For the selected research design, it entailed documentary and historiographical, whereby content analysis was adopted to analyze secondary data of official records, policy documents, and previous studies. It was discovered that inefficiencies in procurement procedures among other things had resulted into poor infrastructure, inadequate health care, poor education, and social challenges that have remained evidence of social development despite the revenue being generated by the state from oil. The study recommended retraining of procurement officers, strict monitoring of adherence to procurement law, transparency in the bidding process, and active participation of the citizenry in procurement matters for optimized public procurement to benefit Akwa Ibom State and thus become accountable and sustained in socio-economic development.
Keywords: Public procurement, due process, Akwa Ibom State, procurement challenges, socio-economic development, corruption, compliance, transparency, capacity building.
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AKWA IBOM STATE
Dr. Rex E. Enwieme (correspondence)*
Department of Public Administration, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Published: Mar 13, 2026
Page 1-13
Housing policy is the government acting in its full extent, including laws and measures, that in a direct or indirect way challenges the housing of the citizens – thus housing Development Policy and Socio-economic Development in Akwa Ibom State: 2012 – 2024 become a necessary topic for discussion. Moreover, it is worth pointing out that the need for a clean home is very much important as, it is the heart of an individual for their survival and physical health, as it happens to be the same community that these people stay in contributes to the economic enhancement of the state. In contrast, poverty in two countries, institutional impediments, limited mechanism of finance management and absence of political will on the part of the government for the implementation of the policy ideal in the country have distorted the achievement of Nigerian housing goals in Akwa Ibom State. The aim of the study was to determine the extent of the land acquisition inequality in Akwa-Ibom State due to income disparity. In the course of the study, Welfare State theory was supposedly used as the most relevant there theory. Descriptive research design was adopted while data was sourced from documented sources that is secondary sources such as textbooks, journals, newspapers, and internet. This was followed by the application of content analysis technique in analyzing the collected data. Besides the impact of rising income inequality, the other issues pertaining to the failure of the implementation of in particular housing policy in Akwa Ibom State include: the inhibiting factor of administrative past and ineffective finance strategy on low-income groups within the said sector and the issue of policy standards and directives. As a result, there were resort driven recommendations that suggested that the state government of Akwa Ibom ought to bridge the income inequality gap and augment the low income accommodation in favor of low income group for the promotion of the socio-economic wellness of the state.
Keywords: Housing Policy, Socio-economic Development, Income Inequality, Finance System and Welfare State
REBEL MOVEMENTS AND REGIME CHANGE IN SYRIA: IMPLICATIONS ON INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY
Uko E. Uwak Ph.D (correspondence)*
Department of Political Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Published: Mar 13, 2026
Page 1-18
This study examined the overbearing influence of rebel movements on regime change in Syria, and its implication on international peace and security. The primary objective of anti-government rebel movements was to challenge Assad’s monopoly on force to effects regime change. The research aimed at assessing the role of rebel movements in the Syrian conflict and the broader implications of their actions on international peace and security. The theoretical framework adopted for the study was State Fragility theory which emphasizes that when a state loses the ability to perform its core functions like monopoly on violence, rule of law, delivery of services, and political legitimacy, alternative centers of power emerge. The Assad regime’s authoritarian repression, particularly its brutal response to the 2011 uprisings, undermined its legitimacy both domestically and internationally and the failure to deliver basic services, protect civilians in war-torn areas created a vacuum which was filled by rebel factions like Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The study adopted documentary method of data collection from secondary sources and qualitative descriptive method of content analysis. The study revealed among others that the Syrian conflict had multifaceted and far-reaching implications for international peace and security, and also underscores the fact that rebel movements played a central role in catalyzing regime change in Syria through a combination of armed insurgency, territorial control, which undermines the legitimacy of Assad government. The study recommended that Regional bodies such as Arab League, European Union and African Union should invest in robust early warning systems to identify and respond to emerging civil conflicts before its escalate. It also recommended the United Nations Security Council to reconsider the veto power system, especially in cases involving mass atrocities or humanitarian crises.
Keywords: State Fragility, Rebel Movements, Regime Change and Middle East Geopolitics